![[Book 4]](images/mb-b4.gif "Book 4 - Of The Restoration Of Peace: And Of Embassies"){kind=small}
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![[Book 1]](images/mb-b1.gif "Book 1 - Of Nations Considered In Themselves")
- Chap. 1: Of Nations or Sovereign States»
- § 1. Of the state, and of sovereignty
- § 2. Authority of the body politic over the members
- § 3. Of the several kinds of government
- § 4. What are sovereign states
- § 5. States bound by unequal alliance
- § 6. Or by treaties of protection
- § 7. Of tributary states
- § 8. Of feudatory states
- § 9. Of two states subject to the same prince
- § 10. Of states forming a federal republic
- § 11. Of a state that has passed under the dominion of another
- Chap. 2:
General Principles of the Duties of a Nation Towards Herself»
- § 12. The objects of this treatise
- § 13. A nation ought to act agreeably to its nature
- § 14. Of the preservation and perfection of a nation
- § 15. What is the end of civil society
- § 16. A nation is under an obligation to preserve itself
- § 17. And to preserve its members
- § 18. A nation has a right to every thing necessary for its preservation
- § 19. It ought to avoid every thing that might occasion its destruction
- § 20. Of its right to every thing that may promote this end
- § 21. A nation ought to perfect itself and the state
- § 22. And to avoid every thing contrary to its perfection
- § 23. The rights it derives from these obligations
- § 24. Examples
- § 25. A nation ought to know itself
- Chap. 3:
Of the Constitution of a State, and its Duties and Rights»
- § 26. Of public authority
- § 27. What is the constitution of a state
- § 28. The nation ought to choose the best constitution
- § 29. Of political, fundamental, and civil laws
- § 30. Of the support of the constitution and obedience to the laws
- § 31. The rights of a nation with respect to its constitution and government
- § 32. It may reform the government
- § 33. And may change the constitution
- § 34. Of the legislative power, and whether it can change the constitution
- § 35. The nation ought not to attempt it without great caution
- § 36. It is the judge of all disputes relating to the government
- § 37. No foreign power has a right to interfere
- Chap. 4:
Of the Sovereign, His Obligations, and His Rights»
- § 38. Of the sovereign
- § 39. It is solely established for the safety and advantage of society
- § 40. Of his representative character
- § 41. He is intrusted with the obligations of the nation, and invested with its rights
- § 42. His duty with respect to the preservation and perfection of the nation
- § 43. His rights in this respect
- § 44. He ought to know the nation
- § 45. The extent of his power
- § 46. The prince ought to respect and support the fundamental laws
- § 47. He may change the laws not fundamental
- § 48. He ought to maintain and observe the existing laws
- § 49. In what sense he is subject to the laws
- § 50. His person is sacred and inviolable
- § 51. But the nation may curb a tyrant, and withdraw itself from his obedience
- § 52. Arbitration between the king and his subjects
- § 53. The obedience which subjects owe to a sovereign
- § 54. In what cases they may resist him
- § 55. Of ministers
- Chap. 5:
Of States, Elective, Successive, Hereditary and Patrimonial»
- § 56. Of elective states
- § 57. Whether elective kings are real sovereigns
- § 58. Of successive and hereditary states - The origin of the right of succession
- § 59. Other origins of this right
- § 60. Other sources which still amount to the same thing
- § 61. A nation may change the order of the succession
- § 62. Of renunciations
- § 63. The order of succession ought commonly to be kept
- § 64. Of Regents
- § 65. Indivisibility of sovereignties
- § 66. Who are to decide disputes respecting the succession to a sovereignty
- § 67. That the right to the succession ought not to depend on the judgment of a foreign power
- § 68. Of states called patrimonial
- § 69. Every true sovereignty is unalienable
- § 70. Duty of a prince who is empowered to nominate his successor
- § 71. He must have at least a tacit ratification
- Chap. 6: Principal Objects of a Good Government;First, to Provide for Necessities»
- Chap. 7: Of the Cultivation of the Soil»
- Chap. 8:
Of Commerce»
- § 83. Of home and foreign trade
- § 84. Utility of the home trade
- § 85. Utility of foreign trade
- § 86. Obligation to cultivate the home trade
- § 87. Obligation to carry on foreign trade
- § 88. Foundation of the laws of commerce: — right of purchasing
- § 89. Right of selling
- § 90. Prohibition of foreign merchandise
- § 91. Nature of the right of buying
- § 92. Every nation is to choose how far it will engage in commerce
- § 93. How a nation acquires a perfect right to a foreign trade
- § 94. Of the simple permission of commerce
- § 95. Whether the laws relating to commerce are subject to prescription
- § 96. Imprescriptibility of rights founded on treaty
- § 97. Of monopolies, and trading companies, with exclusive privileges
- § 98. Balance of trade, and attention of government in this respect
- § 99. Import duties
- Chap. 9: Of the Care of the Public Ways; and of Tolls»
- Chap. 10: Of Money and Exchange»
- Chap. 11:
Second Object of a Good Government, to Procure True Happiness»
- § 110. A nation ought to labor after its own happiness
- § 111. Instruction
- § 112. Education of youth
- § 113. Arts and sciences
- § 114. Freedom of philosophical discussion
- § 115. Love of virtue, and abhorrence of vice, to be excited
- § 116. The nation may hence discover the intention of its rulers
- § 117. The state, or the public person, ought to perfect its understanding and will
- § 118. And to direct the knowledge and virtues of the citizens to the welfare of the society
- § 119. Love for their country
- § 120. In individuals
- § 121. In the nation or state itself, and in the sovereign
- § 122. Definition of the term country
- § 123. How shameful and criminal to injure our country
- § 124. The glory of good citizens, Example
- Chap. 12:
Of Piety and Religion»
- § 125. Of piety
- § 126. It ought to be attended with knowledge
- § 127. Of religion internal and external
- § 128. Rights of individuals
- § 129. Public establishment of religion - Duties and rights of a Nation
- § 130. When there is not yet a religion established by law
- § 131. When there is a religion established by law
- § 132. Duties and rights of the sovereign with regard to religion
- § 133. In case there is an established religion
- § 134. Objects of his care, and the means he ought to employ
- § 135. Of toleration
- § 136. What the prince ought to do when the nation is resolved to change its religion
- § 137. Difference of religion does not deprive a prince of his crown
- § 138. Duties and rights of the sovereign reconciled with those of the subject
- § 139. The sovereign ought to have the inspection of the affairs of religion, and authority over those who teach it
- § 140. He ought to prevent the abuse of the received religion
- § 141. The sovereign's authority over the ministers of religion
- § 142. Nature of this authority
- § 143. Rule to be observed with respect to ecclesiastics
- § 144. Recapitulation of the reasons which establish the sovereign's rights in matters of religion
- § 145. Pernicious consequences of the contrary opinion
- § 146. The abuses particularized. 1. The power of the popes
- § 147. 2. Important employments conferred by a foreign power
- § 148. 3. Powerful subjects dependent on a foreign court
- § 149. 4. The celibacy of the priests
- § 150. 5. Enormous pretensions of the clergy. Pre-eminence
- § 151. 6. Independence immunities
- § 152. 7. Immunity of church possessions
- § 153. 8. Excommunication of men in office
- § 154. 9. And of sovereigns themselves
- § 155. 10. The clergy drawing every thing to themselves, and disturbing the order of justice
- § 156. 11. Money drawn to Rome
- § 157. 12. Laws and customs contrary to the welfare of states
- Chap. 13:
Of Justice and Polity»
- § 158. A nation ought to make justice reign
- § 159. To establish good laws
- § 160. To enforce them
- § 161. Functions and duties of the prince in this respect
- § 162. How he is to dispense justice
- § 163. He ought to appoint enlightened and upright judges
- § 164. The ordinary courts should determine causes relating to the revenue
- § 165. There ought to be established supreme courts of justice wherein causes should be finally determined
- § 166. The prince ought to preserve the forms of justice
- § 167. The prince ought to support the authority of the judges
- § 168. Of distributive justice. The distribution of employments and rewards
- § 169. Punishment of transgressors
- § 170. Criminal laws
- § 171. Degree of punishment
- § 172. Execution of the laws
- § 173. Right of pardoning
- § 174. Internal police
- § 175. Duel, or single combat
- § 176. Means of putting a stop to this disorder
- Chap. 14:
Third Object of a Good Government: to Fortify Itself Against Attacks»
- § 177. A nation ought to fortify itself against external attacks
- § 178. National strength
- § 179. Increase of population
- § 180. Valor
- § 181. Other military virtues
- § 182. Riches
- § 183. Public revenues and taxes
- § 184. The nation ought not to increase its power by illegal means
- § 185. Power is but relative
- Chap. 15: Of the Glory of a Nation»
- Chap. 16:
Protection Sought by a Nation, and Submission to a Foreign Power»
- § 192. Protection
- § 193. Voluntary submission of one nation to another
- § 194. Several kinds of submission
- § 195. Right of the citizens when the nation submits to a foreign power
- § 196. These compacts annulled by the failure of protection
- § 197. Or by the infidelity of the party protected
- § 198. And by the encroachments of the protector
- § 199. How the right of the nation protected is lost by its silence
- Chap. 17: How a Nation May Renounce Her Allegiance to Her Sovereign»
- Chap. 18:
Establishment of a Nation in a Country»
- § 203. Possession of a country by a nation
- § 204. Its right over the parts in its possession
- § 205. Acquisition of the sovereignty in a vacant country
- § 206. Another manner of acquiring the empire in a free country
- § 207. How a nation appropriates to itself a desert country
- § 208. A question on this subject
- § 209. Whether it is lawful to occupy a portion of a territory in which there are wondering tribes in small numbers
- § 210. Colonies
- Chap. 19:
Of Our Native Country, and Several Things That Relate to It»
- § 211. What is our country
- § 212. Citizens and natives
- § 213. Inhabitants
- § 214. Naturalization
- § 215. Children of citizens born in a foreign country
- § 216. Children born at sea
- § 217. Children born in the armies of the state
- § 218. Settlement
- § 219. Vagrants
- § 220. Whether a person may quit his country
- § 221. How a person may absent himself for a time
- § 222. Variation of the political laws in this respect, These must be obeyed
- § 223. Cases in which a citizen has a right to quit his country
- § 224. Emigrants
- § 225. Sources of their right
- § 226. If the sovereign infringes their right, he injures them
- § 227. Supplicants
- § 228. Exile and banishment
- § 229. The exile and banished man have a right to live somewhere
- § 230. Nature of this right
- § 231. Duty of nations towards them
- § 232. A nation cannot punish them for faults committed out of its territories
- § 233. Except such as affect the common safety of mankind
- Chap. 20:
Public, Common, and Private Property»
- § 234. What the Romans called res communes
- § 235. Aggregate wealth of a nation, and its divisions
- § 236. Two ways of acquiring public property
- § 237. The revenues of the public property are naturally at the sovereign's disposal
- § 238. The nation may grant him the use and property of its common possessions
- § 239. Or allow him the domain, and reserve to itself the use of them
- § 240. Taxes
- § 241. The nation may reserve to itself the right of imposing them
- § 242. Of the sovereign who has this power
- § 243. Duties of the prince with respect to taxes
- § 244. Eminent domain annexed to the sovereignty
- § 245. Dominion over public property
- § 246. The superior may make laws with respect to the use of things possessed in common
- § 247. Alienation of the property of a corporation
- § 238. The nation may grant him the use and property of its common possessions
- § 239. Or allow him the domain, and reserve to itself the use of them
- § 240. Taxes
- § 241. The nation may reserve to itself the right of imposing them
- § 242. Of the sovereign who has this power
- § 243. Duties of the prince with respect to taxes
- § 244. Eminent domain annexed to the sovereignty
- § 245. Dominion over public property
- § 246. The superior may make laws with respect to the use of things possessed in common
- § 247. Alienation of the property of a corporation
- § 248. Use of common property
- § 249. How each member is to enjoy it
- § 250. The right of the first comer
- § 251. Another application of the same right
- § 252. The maintenance and repair of public property
- § 253. Duty and rights of the sovereign in this respect
- § 254. Private property
- § 255. The sovereign may regulate its use
- § 256. Inheritances
- Chap. 21:
Of the Alienation of the Public Properly, or the Domain»
- § 257. A nation may alienate its public property
- § 258. Duties of a nation in this respect
- § 259. Duties of the sovereign
- § 260. He may not alienate public property
- § 261. The nation may give him the right to do it
- § 262. Rules on this subject with respect to treaties between nation and nation
- § 263. The alienation of a part of the state
- § 264. Rights of those who are thus cut off from the state
- § 265. Whether the prince has power to dismember the state
- Chap. 22:
Of Rivers, Streams, and Lakes»
- § 266. A river which separates two countries
- § 267. The bed of a river which either dries up or changes its course
- § 268. The right of alluvion
- § 269. Whether alluvion produces any change in the rights over a river
- § 270. The result of a change in the course of the river
- § 271. Works tending to turn aside the current
- § 272. Or in general, hurtful to the rights of others
- § 273. Rules with respect to two conflicting rights
- § 274. Lakes
- § 275. Lakes which increase in extent
- § 276. Land formed on the banks of a lake
- § 277. The bed of a lake that has dried up
- § 278. Jurisdiction over lakes and rivers
- Chap. 23:
Of the Sea»
- § 279. The sea, and its use
- § 280. Whether the sea is susceptible of occupation and ownership
- § 281. No one has a right to appropriate the use of the high seas
- § 282. The nation that attempts to exclude another, does it an injury
- § 283. It even does an injury to all nations
- § 284. It may acquire an exclusive right by treaties
- § 285. But not by prescription or long use
- § 286. Unless in virtue of an implied agreement
- § 287. The sea near the coasts may be subject to ownership
- § 288. Another reason for appropriating the sea near the coasts
- § 289. How far marginal waters may be appropriated
- § 290. Shores and ports
- § 291. Bays and straits
- § 292. Straits in particular
- § 293. Right to wrecks
- § 294. A sea enclosed within the territories of a nation
- § 295. The parts of the sea held by a nation are under its jurisdiction
- Chap. 1: Of Nations or Sovereign States»
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